![]() ![]() *** 3rd best reviewed game on WP7 ! Thanks !!! ★★★★★ All you Lumia 810 owners out there, do yourself a favor and replace that lame duck camera software that came with the phone. ★★★★★ I am genuinely impressed with just how brilliant this application is. ★★★★★ Beautiful app, love the design and filters! ★★★★★ What an app! This allows absolute control over the camera and is a quality app. ★★★★★ Amazing app showcasing the Nokia imaging SDK You also have a favorite button which you can use for one of your favorite actions. 8 modes: Manual, Program, Portrait, Macro, Scenic, Custom 1-3 Pick photo from library menu item in the photo viewer Grids: Rule of thirds, golden ratio, square, Golden spiral High resolution support (Nokia Lumia 1020/1520) Fun effects (Mirror, Mono colors and more) Real-time filter effects (Vintage, Nashville, Green Pop, 1977, Lomo, Early Bird, Valencia, Amaro, Hudson and more) It containts a fully featured photo editor that allows to edit effects of existing photos and to undo effects of photos that have been taken by OneShot OneShot combines real-time photo effects with photo editing. Apply a change, such as a filter, and you can see the difference on your screen in real time. OneShot is a professional mobile camera app and offers high quality filters in a lovely user interface that is overlaid on top of your viewfinder. Dictionary works on tablets and phones and is refreshingly free from annoying ads and paid upgrades. There is also a "word of the day" with our pick of the most interesting and entertaining words in the English language. And we managed to keep data offline without needing a massive app download. It also works well if you only have an intermittent network connection because the definitions are stored offline, locally on the device. You can see your word history and revisit definitions, or make your own list of favourite words to help build up your vocabulary. The speech function helps provide the correct pronunciation. Definitions include synonyms and antonyms which allows the dictionary to also serve as a thesaurus. Wildcard characters can be used to help with word games like crosswords and scrabble where only some of the letters are known, or you have to find an anagram, or with spelling. Then you can follow the links in the definition page to get more word definitions. As you type, Dictionary homes in on the word you are looking for. The home page contains a randomly selected word cloud which will pique your curiosity and help you improve your vocabulary, while the search box allows you to find specific words easily. The dictionary definitions are stored locally, and because it's ad-free there's no need for a network connection. Dictionary is ideal for both native English speakers and English learners or people studying the English language. Dictionary is a free offline English dictionary containing over 200,000 words and definitions and no ads. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Over the years, Monster Jam has become a global sensation, attracting millions of fans worldwide. ![]() The trucks were driven by talented drivers who had impressive experience in motorsports. The event featured eight monster trucks, each with their unique design, competing in a head-to-head competition. The first-ever Monster Jam event took place in Jacksonville, Florida, in January 1992, and it was an instant hit. However, in 1995, Feld Entertainment, the current owner of Monster Jam, rebranded the event to "Monster Jam" focusing mainly on monster truck racing and freestyle competitions, which involves breathtaking stunts, including backflips and vertical wheelies. Initially, the event was known as the “Truck and Tractor Pull,” and it involved several activities, including racing, car jumping, and truck pulling competitions. Started back in 1992, Monster Jam has grown to become a favorite among millions of fans globally, whose passion for motorsport is insatiable. It is an adrenaline-pumping experience designed to offer spectators a high-octane performance that they’ll never forget. It is a motorsports event that involves gigantic trucks known for their impressive stunts, freestyle competitions, and head-to-head racing. Monster Jam is a live sports event that is famous worldwide. Find all Monster Jam tour tickets right here and grab your Monster Jam tour tickets today before it’s too late. Don’t miss your chance to see Monster Jam roar into a city near you. Monster Jam Tour TicketsĪs one of the most popular events all-around, Monster Jam is constantly adding new shows to the schedule. Our no-fee-guarantee promises that you can find cheap Monster Jam tickets you’ll love. However, as a Ticket Club Premier member, you can always save big on Monster Jam tickets. ![]() Monster Jam ticket prices can fluctuate above or below face value depending on factors like seat location, ticket type and overall demand. Monster Jam tour dates are continuously added by overwhelming popular demand, so don’t miss out on this must-see show. People of all ages will get an adrenaline kick each time a truck makes its way into the center of the show, particularly notable vehicles known as the Grave Digger, Monster Mutt, Zombie and many more. ![]() The renowned series combines both racing and freestyle components to make for an exciting event that puts the focus on massive monster trucks. Monster Jam has been entertaining millions around the world since 1992. If you'd like to search by a different location, you can adjust it at the top of the screen. At the top, you will see Monster Jam tickets near your current location (or whichever location your device is set to), followed by all general performance dates. Prices are subject to change.Our ticket pages are sorted into two sections. There is an overall 8 ticket limit for this event. Monster Jam which is specially known for Sports, Motorsports/Racing.The Official Monster Truck Series only at Monster Jam. The Series Champion receives an automatic bid to the prestigious Monster Jam World Finals to compete for the title of World Champion. Monster Jam also features breathtaking Freestyle Motocross exhibitions. Engineered to perfection, these 12,000-pound monster trucks, including the legendary Grave Digger, Megalodon, El Toro Loco and more push all limits in Freestyle, skills, Donut and Racing competitions. Witness heated rivalries, high-flying stunts and fierce head-to-head battles for the Event Championship. Monster Jam is an action-packed motorsport with world-class athletes locked in intense competitions of speed and skill. Prices & Competitors are subject to change. Please monitor the venue website for health and safety policies, including face covering and entry requirements, which are subject to change. All guests age 2 & older are required to have a ticket. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() In short, it’s a portrait of the man that humanizes him even more than his literature already served to.įor anybody familiar with Slim’s work, the documentary does the amazing work of adding flesh to the stories Iceberg told in “Pimp: The Story of My Life.” The film actually shows pictures of several key figures in Beck’s life, from his mother, to his mother’s boyfriend Henry Upshaw, to the woman who turned him out, Pepper Hibbits, to his nanny who sexually molested him as a boy, Maude. Instead, the documentary is a cradle to grave portrait of Robert Beck the man, tracing his life from his youth, the disappointments that led him into being a pimp, his jail sentence, his relatiionship with his mother, wife, and children, as well as his success as an author and his reclusive death in the early 1990s. The documentary “Portrait of a Pimp”, directed by Jorge Hinosa and Executive Produced by Ice T, as well as featuring him as a talking head, is not based on Iceberg Slim, real name Robert Beck’s, life as a pimp. When T was introduced through hip hop through the Sugarhill Gang’s landmark 1979 “Rappers Delight”, it was the pimp verbiage of Iceberg Slim he turned to to write his own raps. Ice T the MC, actually came at rapping, MCing, and hip hop, through the works of Iceberg Slim, quoting whole sections of his books along with other hustler rhymes. His books were known for an unflinching, unglamorized portrait of black street life in World War II and post War America. Of course, before I was even born, Iceberg Slim’s books had caused a stir in the urban community. In reality, only his first book, “Pimp: The Story of My Life” was about pimping, his other books told stories of con men of all colors, and his ouevere even included a book called “Mama Black Widow”, which was an empathetic portrait of a black homosexual named Otis Tilson. ![]() Iceberg Slim was famous for being the primary writer to escape the world of pimping and writing stories about it in great detail. They were all over barber shops, heavily marked up and checked out of school and public libraries, and constantly referenced by people in the neighborhood. Iceberg Slim’s books were very familiar to me growing up in Oakland, California in the 1990s. “Portrait of a Pimp” takes us into the life story of Ice-T’s primary influence, the pimp turned author Iceberg Slim. The first documentary Ice T did in this vein was his hip hop documentary, “The Art of Rap”, which took us into the technique’s and motivations of rappers. It’s the same discharching of ideological debt that Snoop Dogg has constantly repaid and that the RZA accomplished by finally making his own kung fu flick, “The Man with the Iron Fists”, instad of sampling them. Ice T has done some very special film work over the past few years, chronicling the influences that made both his rap career possible, and exposing some of the roots of hip hop. ![]() ![]() ![]() The array function argument itself isn't passed by reference, so the function knows it isn't allowed to modify the original at all. This function takes an array as argument ($arr). ![]() Lots of people think the answer is two() because it uses "reference to value, which it doesn't have to copy each value when it loops". WARNING: Looping through "values by reference" for "extra performance" is an old myth. In that case the value will be assigned by In order to be able to directly modify array elements within the loop precede In PHP 7, foreach does not use the internal array ![]() This means that you do not need to call reset()Īs foreach relies on the internal array pointer in PHPĥ, changing it within the loop may lead to unexpected behavior. Internal array pointer is automatically reset to the first element of theĪrray. In PHP 5, when foreach first starts executing, the The second form will additionally assign the current element's key to Iteration, you'll be looking at the next element). The internal array pointer is advanced by one (so on the next The current element is assigned to $value and The first form loops over the array given byĪrray_expression. Getting Started Introduction A simple tutorial Language Reference Basic syntax Types Variables Constants Expressions Operators Control Structures Functions Classes and Objects Namespaces Enumerations Errors Exceptions Fibers Generators Attributes References Explained Predefined Variables Predefined Exceptions Predefined Interfaces and Classes Context options and parameters Supported Protocols and Wrappers Security Introduction General considerations Installed as CGI binary Installed as an Apache module Session Security Filesystem Security Database Security Error Reporting User Submitted Data Hiding PHP Keeping Current Features HTTP authentication with PHP Cookies Sessions Dealing with XForms Handling file uploads Using remote files Connection handling Persistent Database Connections Command line usage Garbage Collection DTrace Dynamic Tracing Function Reference Affecting PHP's Behaviour Audio Formats Manipulation Authentication Services Command Line Specific Extensions Compression and Archive Extensions Cryptography Extensions Database Extensions Date and Time Related Extensions File System Related Extensions Human Language and Character Encoding Support Image Processing and Generation Mail Related Extensions Mathematical Extensions Non-Text MIME Output Process Control Extensions Other Basic Extensions Other Services Search Engine Extensions Server Specific Extensions Session Extensions Text Processing Variable and Type Related Extensions Web Services Windows Only Extensions XML Manipulation GUI Extensions Keyboard Shortcuts ? This help j Next menu item k Previous menu item g p Previous man page g n Next man page G Scroll to bottom g g Scroll to top g h Goto homepage g s Goto searchįoreach (array_expression as $key => $value) ![]() ![]() King Charles and Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber after he was awarded Doctor of Music during the annual awards ceremony at the Royal College of Music in London (Heathcliff O’Malley/Daily Telegraph/PA) Lord Webber’s comments come off the back of Dame Kathryn McDowell, managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra, who said that she didn’t want classical music to become “the preserve of the rich” which she implied has become the case within the acting industry. I really do think that, because people are proud of their kids.” “If you saw a programme where it was saying that we’re going to do music in every single school, I mean I think you’d get so many votes. We see parents coming in to watch their children and sometimes their jaws drop,” he said. ![]() “If you’re a parent and you suddenly see that your child has got some huge interest, you become interested. The theatre impresario advised that there are “votes in this scheme” referencing the next election. “Is it the Ministry of Culture, is it Education, is it the Treasury?” Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber appears on LBC’s Nick Ferrari at Breakfast show, at the Global Studios, London (Stefan Rousseau/PA) Lord Webber said his repeated lobbying Government has always been met with a “yes of course”, continuing: “But the trouble is, as with everything with these schemes, it gets passed from department to department to department. It’s only £200 a child a year and we have every statistic that the Government can possibly want for 10 years of what this trust has done.” “For the Government to adopt it, or whichever party comes into power next, just adopt it. He continued: “It turned into a school which had its first student at Oxford (university) and that kid came back to teach there and it was all due to the music programming. But within three years of them having a free violin and having a weekly music lesson, the school completely turned around.” Lord Webber said: “The school was frankly a bit of a mess, I think everybody knew that. The programme began at the City of London Academy Highbury Grove secondary school and saw children in years seven to nine receive a free violin each and weekly music lessons. The Music In Secondary Schools Trust was established with funding from the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation and the Charles Wolfson Trust and promises every child “an entitlement to study a classical musical instrument on entry into secondary school, as well as tuition and performance opportunities”. ![]() “It’s mind-blowing that nobody takes the scheme and does it,” he said.ġ0 years. Lord Webber appeared on LBC’s Nick Ferrari At Breakfast show on Wednesday advocating the well-documented benefits of the scheme to children’s behaviour, grades and self-awareness since its launch 10 years ago. ![]() The 75-year-old composer previously said his repeated lobbying for the Government to embrace the Music in Secondary Schools Trust programme has been met with a “vague fudgy nod”, but he is now encouraging musicians to “get together” to stop talking about it and “get it done”. ![]() Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber has urged the Government to adopt a programme making classical music accessible to students in every secondary school to avoid it becoming “the preserve of the rich”. ![]() ![]() PWM in ArduinoĪrduino UNO has 6 Pins that can be used to generate PWM Signals: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. It is measured in percentage and it indicates the voltage between OFF and ON levels (usually 0V and 5V).įrequency of the pulse or the PWM Signal plays an important role as well and it must be sufficiently high than what the device feels its affect. There are two important factors to consider when dealing with PWM Technique: Duty Cycle and Frequency.ĭuty cycle indicates the duration for which the pulse is HIGH over it period. PWM technique can be used to control the brightness of an LED, the speed of a motor or the direction of a servo motor. PWM is a technique where the amount of power delivered to a device can be controlled accurately and efficiently. The technique used to control the brightness of an LED is called Pulse Width Modulation or simply PWM. You might already have performed an experiment with dimming an LED using Arduino, where the brightness of LED is controlled either directly using the program or by interfacing a potentiometer. White – All the three Red, Green and Blue LEDs are ONĪs I said before, you can generate a wide range of colors using an RGB LED just by varying the brightness of the individual R, G and B LEDs.Magenta – Both Red and Blue LEDs are ON.Yellow – Both Red and Green LEDs are ON. ![]() The following image shows a few possible colors of light that can be generated using an RGB LED. Using an RGB LED, you can ideally generate any color by controlling the brightness of the individual Red, Green and Blue LEDs. I happen to have a SMD type 3W RGB LED and I felt that it is important to mention a little bit about that.Īs you can see from the above image, the SMD type RGB LED has 6 leads, in contrast to only 4 leads in its through-hole counterpart.Īn SMD RGB LED also contain three individual LEDs, each for Red, Green and Blue lights but each internal LED has its dedicated anode and cathode leads. With the increasing popularity of SMD components, even RGB LEDs are being manufactured. The following image shows a Common Cathode RGB LED along with its driving circuit.Īs mentioned earlier, a through-hole RGB LED has 4 leads. The following image shows the internal layout of a Common Anode type RGB LED and also its driving circuit.Ĭoming to a Common Cathode type RGB LED, you might have guessed the internal layout and the driving circuit by now. Related Post: RGB LED Bulb How to Drive an RGB LED? Common Anode type RGB LED I will show you how to drive both the variants. In this project, I will use a Common Cathode type RGB LED. Generally, the common cathode variant is found more frequently than the common anode variant. The through-hole variant of an RGB LED has 4 leads: one lead for each individual color (Red, Green and Blue) and the fourth one is the common lead (which can be either a cathode or anode). Since an RGB LED consists of three individual LEDs in a single package, the number of leads is different than that of a regular LED, which has two leads (one for cathode and the other for anode). ![]() Appearance wise, an RGB LED looks very similar to a regular LED except that an RGB LED has three LEDs, each for Red, Green and Blue lights and all these are housed in a single package. Hence, it is called RGB LED (RGB stands for Red, Green and Blue). RGB LED is a type LED which emit multiple colors i.e. There are several types of LEDs available today and RGB LED is one such fascinating variant of LED. Coming to an LED, it is short for Light Emitting Diode, which is a semiconductor device, that emits light when current passes through it. ![]() ![]() So, from the first Arduino program itself, you will begin working around LEDs. In this program, you will Blink an LED on and off at a certain delay. When you begin your adventure with Arduino, the first Arduino program you will write or start your Arduino experience with is the Blink program. Circuit Diagram of Arduino RGB LED Interface. ![]() ![]() ![]() The incorrigible nature of the pirates and Silver's restless intelligence are well portrayed. Arguably the Squire becomes too nasty and the Doctor too insipid in this version but Philip Glenister is excellent as Capt Smollett. The idiocy of the Squire's venture and motley collection of adventurers are ably brought to life by an impressive array of top actors - though of course that means it suffers from 'recognition distraction' on first viewing! (My rule of thumb is always watch a film twice before drawing conclusions - and if you don't want to see it again that tells its own story.) The locations, ship and costumes are superb and really bring to life the squalor of the times and the urge for riches as the only way out. Eddie Izzard AKAEdward John Izzard Born: Birthplace:Aden, Yemen Gender:Male Religion:Atheist Race or Ethnicity:White Sexual orientation:Straight Occupation:Comic Nationality:England Executive summary:Bloke in a dress going on and on Eddie Izzard ishis real birth name. Though there were inevitable departures from the book it is a pretty faithful rendition and Eddie Izzard confirms his status as a charismatic actor well cast as the complex Silver. The Riches (2007), which lasted for two seasons on FX (from 2007-2008), and recurring roles in Hannibal (2013) and United States of Tara (2009).Having read the book to my children, now teenagers, when they were younger we all watched this having saved it on DVD - can't abide adverts. Izzard also has appeared in several television series, including a The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008)Īnd Cars 2 (2011). Valkyrie (2008), and she has voiced roles in a handful of movies, including Her other films include The Avengers (1998), The small screen in a BBC mini-series _40 In 2003, Izzard was seen on the big screen in Alex Cox's She returned to the stage, in London and later in New York (her Broadway debut), with A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (2002), a version of which was televised. Willem Dafoe and Peter Bogdanovich's The Cat's Meow (2001), in which she played Charles Chaplin. "Lenny." Izzard started 2000 touring the world withĪnd continued to act in films, among them The Criminal (1999) Shadow of the Vampire (2000) ![]() Izzard next took on the challenge of appearing as Lenny Bruce in ![]() Which aired on HBO and earned Izzard two Emmy Awards. In 1998, Izzard appeared in another film, Velvet Goldmine (1998), with Ewan McGregor, and also staged her ![]() Which included a month in New York City at PS122. Izzard's stand-up comedy tours have included. Her a comedic style takes the form of what appears to the audience as rambling whimsical monologues and self-referential pantomime. She then took "Definite Article" to major cities outside the UK, including New York, and returned to the West End with a new show, Eddie Izzard: Glorious (1997), Eddie Izzard ( / zrd / born Edward John Izzard 1 7 February 1962), also known as Suzy Izzard, 2 3 is a British stand-up comedian, actor, and activist. In 1996, she made her big-screen debut alongside Bob Hoskins and Robin Williams in The Secret Agent (1996) she also staged another solo show,Įddie Izzard: Definite Article (1996), for which she received her second British Comedy Award. Izzard appeared in 1995 as the title character in Christopher Marlowe's groundbreaking "Edward II". Premiere of David Mamet's "The Cryptogram" with Lindsay Duncan her success led to her second starring role, in "900 Oneonta". The original pirate heist caper, Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, gets a muscular, edge-of-your-seat reboot on Syfy with Eddie Izzard yep, the cross-dressing Brit comic as that. She returned to the West End the next year with her second solo show,Įddie Izzard: Unrepeatable (1994), and soon thereafter made her West End debut in a drama, as the lead in the world With Eddie Izzard: Live at the Ambassadors (1993), she was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award (outstanding achievement) and won her first British ComedyĪward for top stand-up comedian. After that, she drew bigger and bigger audiences, and in 1993 hired the Ambassadors Theatre in London's West End for the first of many successful solo shows. Izzard worked as a street performer and in smaller comedy venues throughout the mid-to-late 1980s her big break came when she appeared in Hysteria III, a 1991 AIDS fundraiser held at the London Palladium, and did her now-famous "Raised by wolves" sketch. Best-known for her surreal and digressive stand-up, British comedian and actor Eddie Izzard was born on February 7, 1962, in Aden, Yemen, where her English parents - Dorothy Ella, a nurse and midwife, and Harold John Izzard, an accountant - worked for British Petroleum. ![]() ![]() ![]() This is a period when spouses encourage some behaviors of their partners and discourage others at the same time, they try to adapt to those behaviors and characteristics of their partners that cannot be easily changed. Classical psychological literature and public discourse consider this pattern consistent with the notion of a “seven-year itch.” Most married couples experience a gradual but steady decline in marital quality after the first year of marriage, suggesting that the short honeymoon period of passion is followed by everyday routine, during which the differences between spouses’ attitudes, values, and behavior become visible and subject to discussion and arguing. The reason for the rising-falling pattern of divorce risk over the marriage duration, however, has not been discussed much in demographic and sociological studies. Various studies on industrialized countries have found this pattern (Andersson 1995 Diekmann and Engelhardt 1999 Hoem and Hoem 1992 Jalovaara 2013 Kiernan 1999 Kulu and Boyle 2010 Lyngstad 2011 Rootalu 2010 Schoen 1975 Thornton and Rodgers 1987). Most studies show that the risk of separation is low during the first months of a marriage it then increases, reaches a maximum, and thereafter begins to decrease. An ingredient of longitudinal models on divorce is the marriage duration. The inclusion of unobserved heterogeneity in the model leads to some changes in the shape of the baseline risk however, the rising-falling pattern of the divorce risk persists.ĭivorce, Marriage, Multilevel hazard models, Finland IntroductionĪn extensive amount of multidisciplinary literature exists on the trends and patterns of divorce and separation in industrialized countries (for recent reviews, see Amato 2010 Cherlin 2010 Lyngstad and Jalovaara 2010). This pattern persists when I control for the sociodemographic characteristics of women and their partners. ![]() Using register data from Finland and applying multilevel hazard models, the analysis supports the rising-falling pattern of divorce by marriage duration: the risk of marital dissolution increases, reaches its peak, and then gradually declines. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of the rising-falling pattern of divorce risk. Some researchers consider this pattern consistent with the notion of a “seven-year itch,” while others argue that the rising-falling pattern of divorce risk is a consequence of misspecification of longitudinal models because of omitted covariates or unobserved heterogeneity. Previous studies have shown that the risk of divorce is low during the first months of marriage it then increases, reaches a maximum, and thereafter begins to decline. ![]() ![]() If you believe that any review contained on our site infringes upon your copyright, please email us. All submitted reviews become the licensed property of Sheet Music Plus and are subject to all laws pertaining thereto.If you have any suggestions or comments on the guidelines, please email us. We cannot post your review if it violates these guidelines.Avoid disclosing contact information (email addresses, phone numbers, etc.), or including URLs, time-sensitive material or alternative ordering information.Please do not use inappropriate language, including profanity, vulgarity, or obscenity. Be respectful of artists, readers, and your fellow reviewers.Feel free to recommend similar pieces if you liked this piece, or alternatives if you didn't.Are you a beginner who started playing last month? Do you usually like this style of music? Consider writing about your experience and musical tastes.Do you like the artist? Is the transcription accurate? Is it a good teaching tool? Explain exactly why you liked or disliked the product. How To Play Stressed Out On Piano Do you want to learn how to play Stressed Out on the piano As you can see in the Stressed Out piano tutorial video above, IVOREEZ is your shortcut to playing this song in 60 seconds.You may not digitally distribute or print more copies than purchased for use (i.e., you may not print or digitally distribute individual copies to friends or students). ![]() You are only authorized to print the number of copies that you have purchased. PLEASE NOTE: All Interactive Downloads will have a watermark at the bottom of each page that will include your name, purchase date and number of copies purchased. Once you download your personalized sheet music, you can view and print it at home, school, or anywhere you want to make music, and you don’t have to be connected to the internet. Interactive features include: playback, tempo control, transposition, melody instrument selection, adjustable note size, and full-screen viewing. Twenty One Pilots - Stressed Out Piano Tutorial 'Stressed Out' was released in April 2015 as a single from Twenty One Pilots' fourth studio album, Blurryface. Interactive Downloads are dynamic sheet music files that can be viewed and altered directly in My Digital Library from any device. Published by Hal Leonard - Digital (HX.314893). Interactive Download By Twenty One Pilots. ![]() ![]() ![]() Because the subject of the icon is transfigured by the love of Christ, the light of the icon is interior, not exterior as in other forms of art. The physical features of the icon are also very important in conveying this symbolic spiritual language. ![]() While the saints gaze into eternity – focused on the divinity – the transfigured person is not avoiding the earthly realm but rather gently addressing it and calling it to be transfigured in Christ as well. The subject of the icon is usually depicted looking straight ahead, or at a 3/4 angle. Andrei Rublev, the great Russian iconographer of the fifteenth century, is depicted holding the icon of the Trinity which he painted (and which some regard as the standard for all other icons). Martyrs are depicted holding the crown of martyrdom, the cross, or the instrument of their martyrdom. Paul the epistles, and great spiritual writers a scroll. The evangelists are depicted holding the gospels, St. The blessing hand is formed in the monogram of the name of Christ, ICXC, just as an Orthodox priest blesses. Bishops are usually depicted wearing some episcopal designation, holding the gospel, and giving a blessing. In icons of single saints, the saint is also usually depicted with the instrument of his or her salvation. People of importance in icons are often depicted as larger than other people in the icon and are always indicated by name on the icon. In this language of iconography, certain meanings are ascribed to the subjects of the icon. The iconographer must understand what parts of the icon he can adjust using his best artistic skills and what parts of the icon he ought to leave intact. Depicting these teachings requires a studious understanding of Orthodoxy, meditation, attention to detail, and artistic skill. The painting of iconography must not be based on artistic speculation, emotion, or abstract ideas but soundly on the teachings of the Orthodox Church. The communion with the Divine to which the icon calls us is achieved through a symbolic language in which clothing styles, colors, gestures, architecture and human form in the icon are fixed. ![]() Icons assist us in prayer as well as we gaze upon them quietly and patiently. ![]() The simplicity of the icon is not meant to stir our emotions but rather to quietly invite us to leave the world for a moment and guide every emotion toward the contemplation of the Divine. It is painted as a “window into heaven,” a physical means which allows us to gaze into the invisible spiritual reality. It is not painted to depict the mundane, everyday life, but rather the spiritual realm. Yet the icon is not meant to excite our external senses. In a society more familiar with western art, we are concerned with the response of our external, empirical senses. At first they appear distorted and unreal, almost impressionist, full of symbolism. One of the first things which I discovered about icons before converting to Orthodoxy is that icons are initially not easy to see. All naturalism, whether it is spacial, figural or proportional, is set aside and man, landscape, and architecture are shown in a transfigured state. One great task of the icon is to proclaim the wonder and mystery of Christ, the Theotokos and the saints, while reminding us they were human like we are, and calling us to the same spiritual perfection which Christ’s incarnation allows us to seek. While the incarnation is the basis of iconography, the icon itself, in its role as a window into Heaven, affirms the incarnation and speaks of God’s great mysteries. Our theology impacts all parts of the icon, from how the face is painted, to the robes, to even the “scenery” of the festal icons. If Christ had not become incarnate, and had not revealed to us his transfigured glory on the Mount, it would be impossible to depict the spiritual realm of Heaven in icons. It is because Christ became man and allowed man to glimpse the divine glory of heaven that we are able to paint icons and venerate images of Christ, the Theotokos and the saints. 1:15), and His transfiguration on Mount Tabor offers support of this (Matt. Christ is “the icon of the invisible God” (Col. “And the word was made flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1:14). The very meaning of the icon has as its foundation the incarnation of Our Lord Jesus Christ. What the Gospels proclaim with words, the icon proclaims visually. People are greatly influenced by what they contemplate, and so the Church, in its love for its faithful, has given us iconography in order to help us contemplate God. The iconography of our Orthodox Church, with all of its symbolism and spiritual meaning, is central to the Church’s teaching. It explains some of the theology of the icon, its use, symbolism, how/why characters are portrayed, etc. The following, which I have edited, was written by iconographer Michael Goltz. ![]() |
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